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| Feature |
IRA (Individual Retirement Account) |
401(k) |
| Type of Plan |
Individual retirement savings account. |
Employer-sponsored retirement savings plan. |
| Eligibility |
Anyone with earned income below certain limits. |
Employees of companies that offer a 401(k) plan. |
| Contribution Limits (2023) |
$6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older). |
$22,500 ($30,000 if age 50 or older). |
| Tax Treatment |
Traditional IRA contributions may be tax-deductible; earnings grow tax-deferred until withdrawal. Roth IRA contributions are made with after-tax dollars; earnings can be withdrawn tax-free in retirement. |
Traditional 401(k) contributions are made pre-tax; earnings grow tax-deferred until withdrawal. Roth 401(k) contributions are made with after-tax dollars; earnings can be withdrawn tax-free in retirement. |
| Employer Match |
Not applicable. |
Many employers offer a match on a portion of the employee's contributions. |
| Investment Options |
Wide range of investment options, typically including stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. |
Limited to the investment options selected by the employer, often a mix of mutual funds. |
| Withdrawal Rules |
Penalty-free withdrawals after age 59½; required minimum distributions (RMDs) starting at age 72. |
Penalty-free withdrawals after age 59½; RMDs starting at age 72. Loans and hardship withdrawals may be available. |
| Early Withdrawal Penalties |
10% penalty for withdrawals before age 59½, with certain exceptions. |
10% penalty for withdrawals before age 59½, with certain exceptions. Loans may be an option without penalty. |
| Which to Use When? |
IRAs are a good choice for individuals who do not have access to a 401(k) plan, are looking for additional retirement savings options, or who prefer a wider range of investment choices. |
401(k)s are typically the first choice for employees who have access to them, especially if their employer offers a matching contribution. Maximize the employer match before contributing to an IRA for maximum benefit. |
When considering which tax-advantaged account to use, it is important to evaluate your individual financial situation, including your current tax bracket, expected tax bracket in retirement, and whether you anticipate needing access to these funds prior to retirement. It is often advisable to contribute enough to your 401(k) to receive the full employer match, as this is essentially free money. Beyond that, you may choose to contribute to an IRA for the increased flexibility and investment choices.
For those who are self-employed or own a small business, a Solo 401(k) or SEP IRA may be more appropriate, offering higher contribution limits and the potential for employer contributions in the case of the SEP IRA. It is crucial to consult with a tax professional or financial advisor to determine the best retirement savings strategy for your specific circumstances.
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